ENERGY DIPLOMACY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION

Abstract

Contemporary transformations of the global energy system, accompanied by intensifying geopolitical tensions and climate-related challenges, determine the relevance of studying energy diplomacy as a key instrument of security and sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to trace the evolution of energy diplomacy from its traditional focus on resource security to the integration of ecological, technological, and social dimensions into international strategies. The central hypothesis assumes that the neorealist perspective provides the strongest explanatory framework for analyzing current dynamics, since competition for resources and control over transit routes remain primary determinants of world politics, while liberal and constructivist interpretations demonstrate limited explanatory capacity. Methodologically, the study relies on an interdisciplinary synthesis of political economy, international relations theory, comparative analysis, and a critical review of academic literature, including the Kazakhstani research segment, which emphasizes hydrogen energy, risk management, and regional imbalances. The findings indicate a gradual shift of energy diplomacy from fragmented practices toward more comprehensive and coordinated international approaches aimed at promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency. The conclusion highlights the necessity of multi-level and multi-actor governance that combines geopolitical security with climate resilience and energy justice, thereby reinforcing the applied significance of the study for both national policy-making and global energy strategies.